Historical Development
- Early Roots: The theory originated early as a way to distinguish permissible killing from murder, with early discussions appearing in the Indian epic, the Mahabharata.
- Christian Tradition: Developed further by St. Augustine and later theologians, it sought to align military action with moral duty to uphold peace.
- Modern Legal Framework: It has evolved into international law and norms, including the Geneva Convention and guidelines for protecting civilian life.
Application in Modern Warfare
The theory faces challenges in modern warfare due to the rise of terrorism and high-tech, remote weaponry. While traditionally intended for state-on-state conflict, some scholars argue it still applies to defending against active threats. Other perspectives argue modern advancements in violence make it difficult for any modern conflict to satisfy the strict criteria of proportionality and noncombatant immunity, leading some theologians and organizations to emphasize strict, pacifist approaches.